Recent Publications

Toward the Systematic Assessment of Eyewitness Identification Accuracy

Preprint.

Ying, Smith, & Ayala

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Perceptions of Task Fluency Mislead Judgments of Eyewitness Identification Accuracy

Journal of Applied Research in Memory & Cognition, 14(3), 381–391.

Ying & Smith (2025)

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Absolute-Judgment Models Better Predict Eyewitness Decision-Making than do Relative-Judgment Models

Cognition, 251, 105877.

Smith, Ying, Goldstein, & Fitzgerald (2024)

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Telling Us Less Than What They Know: Expert Inconclusive Reports Conceal Exculpatory Evidence in Forensic Cartridge-Case Comparisons

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 13, 147 - 152.

Smith & Wells (2023)

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The Rule Out Procedure: A Signal-Detection-Informed Approach to the Collection of Eyewitness Identification Evidence

Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 29(1), 19-31.

Smith, Ayala, & Ying (2023)

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Do Traditional Lineups Undermine the Capacity for Eyewitness Memory to Rule Out Innocent Suspects?

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 10(2), 215–220.

Smith & Ayala (2021)

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An Evidence-Based Imperative to Videorecord Eyewitness Lineups

Preprint.

Ayala, Smith, Ying, Sommervold, & Wells

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Using Artificial Intelligence to Assess Eyewitness Identification Accuracy

Journal of Applied Research in Memory & Cognition, 3(4), 500–504.

Smith, Ayala, & Ying (2024)

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Cartridge-Case Examiners' Aversion to True Rejections: A Shocking Problem with Use of the "Inconclusive" Category

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 13, 156-157.

Smith & Wells (2024)

Click Here

The Untapped Potential of Lineups: Using Eyewitness Memory to Rule Out Innocent Suspects

Psychology, Crime & Law, 30(10), 1580–1590.

Smith, Ying, Ayala, & Goldstein (2023)

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The Rule Out Procedure: Increasing the Potential for Police Investigators to Detect Suspect Innocence from Eyewitness Lineup Procedures

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 11(4), 489-499.

Ayala, Smith, & Ying (2022)

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The Rejection-Inferiority Effect: Why are Eyewitness Lineups More Effective at Demonstrating Guilt than Innocence?

Preprint.

Smith, Lampinen, Ying, Ayala, & Dobbins

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Beyond the Confidence-Accuracy Relation: A Multiple-Reflector-Variable Approach to Postdicting Accuracy on Eyewitness Lineups

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied.
Advance online publication.

Ayala, Smith, & Wells (2024)

Click Here

Predicting and Postdicting Eyewitness Identification Accuracy on Forensic-Object Lineups

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 14(1), 37–50.

Ayala & Smith (2024)

Click Here

Lay (Mis)perceptions of Suspect-Identification Accuracy from Biased and Unbiased Lineups

Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 29, 288-301.

Ying, Smith, & Wells (2023)

Click Here

Evaluating the Claim that High Confidence Implies High Accuracy in Eyewitness Identification

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(4), 479–491.

Smith, Smalarz, Ditchfield, & Ayala (2021)

Click Here

Recent Publications

Toward the Systematic Assessment of Eyewitness Identification Accuracy Preprint. Ying, Smith, & Ayala

Perceptions of Task Fluency Mislead Judgments of Eyewitness Identification Accuracy Journal of Applied Research in Memory & Cognition, 14(3), 381–391. Ying & Smith (2025)

Absolute-Judgment Models Better Predict Eyewitness Decision-Making than do Relative-Judgment Models Cognition, 251, 105877. Smith, Ying, Goldstein, & Fitzgerald (2024)

Telling Us Less Than What They Know: Expert Inconclusive Reports Conceal Exculpatory Evidence in Forensic Cartridge-Case Comparisons Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 13, 147 - 152. Smith & Wells (2023)

The Rule Out Procedure: A Signal-Detection-Informed Approach to the Collection of Eyewitness Identification Evidence Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 29(1), 19-31. Smith, Ayala, & Ying (2023)

Do Traditional Lineups Undermine the Capacity for Eyewitness Memory to Rule Out Innocent Suspects? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 10(2), 215–220. Smith & Ayala (2021)

An Evidence-Based Imperative to Videorecord Eyewitness Lineups Preprint. Ayala, Smith, Ying, Sommervold, & Wells

Using Artificial Intelligence to Assess Eyewitness Identification Accuracy Journal of Applied Research in Memory & Cognition, 3(4), 500–504. Smith, Ayala, & Ying (2024)

Cartridge-Case Examiners' Aversion to True Rejections: A Shocking Problem with Use of the "Inconclusive" Category Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 13, 156-157. Smith & Wells (2024)

The Untapped Potential of Lineups: Using Eyewitness Memory to Rule Out Innocent Suspects Psychology, Crime & Law, 30(10), 1580–1590. Smith, Ying, Ayala, & Goldstein (2023)

The Rule Out Procedure: Increasing the Potential for Police Investigators to Detect Suspect Innocence from Eyewitness Lineup Procedures Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 11(4), 489-499. Ayala, Smith, & Ying (2022)

The Rejection-Inferiority Effect: Why are Eyewitness Lineups More Effective at Demonstrating Guilt than Innocence? Preprint. Smith, Lampinen, Ying, Ayala, & Dobbins

Beyond the Confidence-Accuracy Relation: A Multiple-Reflector-Variable Approach to Postdicting Accuracy on Eyewitness Lineups Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. Advance online publication. Ayala, Smith, & Wells (2024)

Predicting and Postdicting Eyewitness Identification Accuracy on Forensic-Object Lineups Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 14(1), 37–50. Ayala & Smith (2024)

Lay (Mis)perceptions of Suspect-Identification Accuracy from Biased and Unbiased Lineups Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 29, 288-301. Ying, Smith, & Wells (2023)

Evaluating the Claim that High Confidence Implies High Accuracy in Eyewitness Identification ​ Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(4), 479–491. Smith, Smalarz, Ditchfield, & Ayala (2021)

Toward the Systematic Assessment of Eyewitness Identification Accuracy

Preprint.

Ying, Smith, & Ayala

Perceptions of Task Fluency Mislead Judgments of Eyewitness Identification Accuracy

Journal of Applied Research in Memory & Cognition, 14(3), 381–391.

Ying & Smith (2025)

Absolute-Judgment Models Better Predict Eyewitness Decision-Making than do Relative-Judgment Models

Cognition, 251, 105877.

Smith, Ying, Goldstein, & Fitzgerald (2024)

Telling Us Less Than What They Know: Expert Inconclusive Reports Conceal Exculpatory Evidence in Forensic Cartridge-Case Comparisons

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 13, 147 - 152.

Smith & Wells (2023)

The Rule Out Procedure: A Signal-Detection-Informed Approach to the Collection of Eyewitness Identification Evidence

Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 29(1), 19-31.

Smith, Ayala, & Ying (2023)

Do Traditional Lineups Undermine the Capacity for Eyewitness Memory to Rule Out Innocent Suspects?

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 10(2), 215–220.

Smith & Ayala (2021)

An Evidence-Based Imperative to Videorecord Eyewitness Lineups

Preprint.

Ayala, Smith, Ying, Sommervold, & Wells

Using Artificial Intelligence to Assess Eyewitness Identification Accuracy

Journal of Applied Research in Memory & Cognition, 3(4), 500–504.

Smith, Ayala, & Ying (2024)

Cartridge-Case Examiners' Aversion to True Rejections: A Shocking Problem with Use of the "Inconclusive" Category

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 13, 156-157.

Smith & Wells (2024)

The Untapped Potential of Lineups: Using Eyewitness Memory to Rule Out Innocent Suspects

Psychology, Crime & Law, 30(10), 1580–1590.

Smith, Ying, Ayala, & Goldstein (2023)

The Rule Out Procedure: Increasing the Potential for Police Investigators to Detect Suspect Innocence from Eyewitness Lineup Procedures

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 11(4), 489-499.

Ayala, Smith, & Ying (2022)

The Rejection-Inferiority Effect: Why are Eyewitness Lineups More Effective at Demonstrating Guilt than Innocence?

Preprint.

Smith, Lampinen, Ying, Ayala, & Dobbins

Beyond the Confidence-Accuracy Relation: A Multiple-Reflector-Variable Approach to Postdicting Accuracy on Eyewitness Lineups

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied.
Advance online publication.

Ayala, Smith, & Wells (2024)

Predicting and Postdicting Eyewitness Identification Accuracy on Forensic-Object Lineups

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 14(1), 37–50.

Ayala & Smith (2024)

Lay (Mis)perceptions of Suspect-Identification Accuracy from Biased and Unbiased Lineups

Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 29, 288-301.

Ying, Smith, & Wells (2023)

Evaluating the Claim that High Confidence Implies High Accuracy in Eyewitness Identification

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(4), 479–491.

Smith, Smalarz, Ditchfield, & Ayala (2021)